Cataracts are a condition where the clear lens within the eye becomes cloudy, which makes vision appear blurry or foggy. This cloudiness happens gradually, usually over many years, and can eventually cause vision loss if not treated. A cataract procedure is a common and effective way to replace clear vision by restoring the cloudy lens with an unnatural one.
Cataracts are the leading reason of vision loss globally and are particularly common in individuals over the age of 40. However, some individuals may develop cataracts earlier due to genetic reasons or be born with them. Other factors that can contribute to the development of cataracts include eye glaucoma, inflammation, and diabetes.
In the U.S., approximately 24.4 million individuals are affected by cataracts. When a cataract forms, the once-clear lens becomes opaque, preventing light from passing through easily. This results in blurred vision, similar to looking over a foggy window. As the cataract worsens, the cloudiness increases, making it even harder to see clearly.
Symptoms
Cataracts typically develop gradually over several years, causing various changes in vision. Individuals with cataracts may experience blurry vision, which can make objects appear out of focus. Some individuals might see double or notice that colors seem less vibrant than before. Another common issue is difficulty seeing at night, which can make driving challenging. Sensitivity to stare, like from headlights, can also be a problem, often accompanied by a halo effect around lights. People with cataracts may find they need to change their contact lenses or glasses prescription more frequently to see clearly.
While these symptoms are often associated with cataracts, they can also be signs of other eye conditions. Therefore, it’s important to consult an eye healthcare provider if there are concerns about changes in vision or other eye-related issues.
If left untreated, cataracts usually worsen over time, leading to further vision deterioration or even vision loss. Fortunately, the cataract procedure is a highly effective treatment that can significantly enhance vision and standard of life.
Treatment
The only way to completely cure cataracts is through surgery. However, if someone isn’t ready for surgery, there are other methods to manage the condition and make it easier to cope with.
Home Remedies and Lifestyle Changes
There are several strategies people can use at home to cope with the symptoms of cataracts. These include using shining lights to improve visibility, wearing sunglasses or antiglare glasses to decrease sensitivity to light, and utilizing a magnifying glass to help with reading. It’s also beneficial to have regular eye exams to see if updating the prescription for glasses or contact lenses can help improve vision.
Surgery
For those with severe cataracts, surgery is the most effective treatment option. A healthcare provider may suggest surgery if the cataracts significantly affect an individual’s quality of life or ability to perform daily functions, and if there are no health issues or other factors that would make surgery risky.
Before the procedure, the healthcare provider will check the individual’s eye to prepare a custom artificial lens. Throughout the surgery, the healthcare provider will administer eye drops to dilate the pupil and apply an anesthetic, either through eye drops or an injection around the eye. The clouded natural lens is then replaced and removed with a new, clear artificial lens.
The surgery is typically an outpatient procedure, meaning the person can go home the same day. While some discomfort may be felt, it usually resolves within a few days. It’s important to avoid robust work throughout the recovery time to ensure proper healing.
Post-surgery, the healthcare provider may recommend eyedrops for use over 1 to 4 weeks and schedule follow-up appointments to monitor recovery. An eye test may be needed a few weeks after the surgery to check if the prescription for glasses or contact lenses needs adjustment.
Cataract surgery is generally considered safe and minimally invasive. According to the National Eye Institute, 90 percent of individuals who undergo this surgery experience improved vision.
Types
Cataracts can be classified into three main kinds, each affecting the eye differently:
- Nuclear Cataracts: This type involves the discoloration or clouding of the central part of the lens, known as the nucleus. Nuclear cataracts often develop slowly and primarily impact distance vision, making it harder to see objects that are far away. There are sub kinds of nuclear cataracts, which vary in progression and severity.
- Cortical Cataracts: These cataracts have a distinctive spoke-like pattern when viewed by an ophthalmologist. Individuals with cortical cataracts may experience issues with glare, which can make it challenging to see clearly in bright light or when driving at night.
- Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts: This type is more common in younger individuals. It affects the back of the lens and can cause issues with both glare and vision. Posterior subcapsular cataracts often lead to difficulty reading and seeing in bright light, as well as trouble with glare from lights at night.
Causes
Cataracts mainly occur as individuals age because the eye’s lens fibers start to be difficult. This process is known as nuclear sclerosis. Over time, the center, or nucleus, of the lens becomes more rigid and compact.
Additionally, the proteins within the lens start to clump and deteriorate together. This clumping causes the lens to develop a yellow-brown tint, which reduces its transparency. As a result, the lens cannot effectively focus light onto the retina, leading to blurry vision or cloudiness. This is why cataracts often cause vision to become hazy or less vibrant as they progress.
Risk Factors
Certain factors can increase a person’s likelihood of getting cataracts. Age is a significant risk factor, with people over the age of 40 being more susceptible. A family history of this condition also raises the risk. Additionally, previous eye injuries or surgeries, as well as radiation therapy on the upper body, can contribute to cataract development. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and the use of steroids for conditions like arthritis are other notable risk factors. Eye inflammation, a sedentary lifestyle, and smoking can also increase the chances of getting cataracts.
Several health issues can further elevate the chance of cataracts. These include hypertension, obesity, and other components of metabolic syndrome. Other conditions linked to cataracts include atopic dermatitis, type 2 neurofibromatosis, myotonic dystrophy, hypoparathyroidism, and chronic anterior uveitis. Diabetes mellitus is another major risk factor. High myopia, alcohol consumption, and a deficiency in particular antioxidants and vitamins, like zeaxanthin, lutein, and zinc, can also contribute to the development of cataracts.
Prevention
While it’s not always likely to completely avoid cataracts, there are several steps people can take to reduce their risk. Ceasing smoking or avoiding it altogether is one key preventive measure, as smoking can increase the chance of developing cataracts. Eating a diet rich in fresh vegetables and fruits, particularly dark leafy greens, can provide essential nutrients that support eye health.
Maintaining a healthy body mass index is also important, as it helps lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. Managing existing health conditions, like diabetes, with the help of a healthcare team can further decrease cataract risk.
Putting on sunglasses that block UV radiation is crucial for protecting the eyes from harmful sun exposure. Regular physical activity not only benefits overall health but may also contribute to eye health. Additionally, wearing protective eyewear when engaging in activities that pose a chance of eye injury can prevent trauma that could lead to cataracts.
Diagnosis
If someone is concerned about having cataracts, they should consult an eye specialist, also known as an ophthalmologist. The healthcare provider will perform a series of tests to diagnose the condition. One common test is a visual acuity test, which measures how definitely a person can see. The healthcare provider may also use a slit-lamp examination to get a detailed view of the cornea, lens, and other parts of the eye. Additionally, tests to check pupillary responses are conducted to assess the shape and function of the pupils.
To ensure an accurate diagnosis, the healthcare provider might also perform tests to eliminate other conditions that could cause similar symptoms, like blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids) or chronic conjunctivitis (long-term eye inflammation). If the healthcare provider detects cataract symptoms, they will talk about the available treatment options with the patient.
Summary
Cataracts, a common cause of vision loss, occur when the eye’s lens becomes cloudy due to aging or other factors. They develop slowly, causing symptoms like blurry vision, glare sensitivity, and changes in color perception. Risk factors include age, family history, sun exposure, and certain medical conditions.
Prevention involves a healthy lifestyle and protective measures. Diagnosis is done through eye exams, and surgery is the only definitive treatment, though it carries some risks. There are three main types of cataracts: nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular, each affecting vision differently.
