Cystitis is an infection in the bladder, which is part of the lower urinary tract. It usually happens when bacteria from the skin or bowel get into the bladder and urethra. These bacteria stick to the bladder lining, causing irritation and inflammation, which we call a bladder infection.
Even though cystitis isn’t usually a big problem, it can be painful and might cause issues if you don’t treat it.
Anyone can get cystitis, no matter their age or gender, but it’s more common in Women. This is because women have a shorter urethra, which is nearer to the anus. This makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.
Acute and interstitial are two main types of cystitis. Acute cystitis comes on suddenly, while interstitial cystitis is long-term and also called chronic cystitis. Researchers are still figuring out exactly what causes interstitial cystitis.
Causes
Acute cystitis is often due to bacteria, primarily Escherichia coli, but other bacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Group B streptococci, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, S. saprophyticus, Lactobacillus, and enterococci can also be responsible. In men, cystitis can result from conditions that obstruct normal urine flow, such as an enlarged prostate, which can hinder proper urination.
The United Kingdom’s National Health Service identifies several risk factors for cystitis. These include the utilize of urinary catheters, especially during insertion, changing, or prolonged use; the use of a midriff for birth control; difficulties in fully clearing the bladder; friction from sexual activity; undergoing radiotherapy; and having diabetes, which can create an environment conducive to bacterial growth due to high sugar ranges in the urine. Additionally, men who engage in unprotected sex are at a little higher risk of developing cystitis.
Women experiencing menopause are also more susceptible to cystitis. During menopause, decreasing estrogen levels leads to thinning of the urethral lining. As the lining becomes thinner, the likelihood of infection and damage increases.
Symptoms
Cystitis symptoms can vary depending on the kind of cystitis an individual has.
Acute Cystitis
Acute cystitis typically presents with symptoms such as burning, pain, or stinging sensations during urination, along with increased frequency of urination. Urine may appear cloudy and dark, and it often has a strong odor. Individuals may feel a sudden and urgent require to urinate, experience pain in the lower abdomen, and may also have weakness, general aches, and fatigue. These symptoms are similar in both males and females.
Children
In children, cystitis symptoms can include fever, fatigue, body aches, irritability, loss of appetite, and sometimes vomiting and nausea. These signs may indicate a urinary tract infection that requires medical attention.
Treatment
Treatment for cystitis usually depends on the severity of symptoms and how long they last. In most cases, mild cystitis resolves on its own within some days. However, if symptoms persist for more than three days, it’s important to consult a doctor.
Doctors often recommend antibiotics to treat cystitis effectively. The choice of antibiotic and the duration of treatment vary depending on the individual’s condition. For instance, antibiotics like Nitrofurantoin may be prescribed at a dose of 100 mg twice daily for 5 to 7 days. Alternatively, Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim might be given twice daily for 3 days, or Fosfomycin as a single 4 mg dose.
If symptoms do not improve after completing the antibiotic course, it’s advisable to revisit the doctor for further evaluation and possible alternative treatments. Prompt medical attention ensures effective management and reduces the risk of complications associated with untreated cystitis.
Home remedies
Home remedies can be useful in managing cystitis symptoms at home. Taking pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help reduce discomfort. It’s also important to drink plenty of water to flush out bacteria from the bladder.
Cranberries are known to contain a substance that can stop bacteria from attaching to the bladder walls. However, it’s important to note that cranberry capsules or juice may not always have enough of this substance to effectively stop symptoms.
Avoiding alcohol is also recommended because it can irritate the bladder and worsen symptoms. Following these home care tips can complement medical treatment and help ease the discomfort of cystitis.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing cystitis involves several steps to identify the cause of the symptoms.
First, the healthcare provider will inquire the person’s questions about their symptoms and medical history. They will then conduct a physical examination. A key part of diagnosis is a urine test, which can be done using a dipstick in the doctor’s office or by sending a sample to a laboratory for analysis. The dipstick test provides quick results about certain indicators in the urine.
For more detailed information, a catheterized urine specimen or a urine culture may be necessary. These tests help identify the specific bacteria leading to the infection. Once the bacteria are identified, the doctor can prescribe the appropriate oral antibiotic to treat the infection effectively.
In some cases, especially if symptoms persist or recur frequently, the healthcare provider may suggest testing for sexually transmitted infections, as their symptoms can resemble those of cystitis.
People who experience recurrent cystitis may require further tests such as X-ray, an ultrasound scan, or a cystoscopy. These tests help the doctor investigate any underlying issues in the bladder or urinary tract that could be contributing to the recurring infections.
Prevention
Preventing cystitis isn’t always possible, but there are steps you can take to lower your chances:
- Good sanitation after sex: This means washing well around the genitals after sexual activity.
- Using mild soaps: Stick to gentle, unscented soaps when cleaning the genital area.
- Fully emptying your bladder: Make sure to urinate completely when you go.
- Urinating when you need to: Try not to hold it in for too long.
- Choosing the right clothes: Avoid tight underwear and pants, and opt for cotton underwear, which lets your skin breathe.
- Wiping carefully: Always wipe from front to back after using the bathroom to prevent spreading bacteria.
- Using lubricants: Using lubricants during sex can help reduce friction and irritation.
If you use catheters, ask your healthcare provider or nurse for tips on how to change them safely to avoid injury.
It’s common for about one-third of women to get a urinary tract infection (UTI) before they turn 24 years old. Taking these precautions can help lower your risk of developing cystitis.
When to consult a doctor
Knowing when to seek medical help for cystitis is important for prompt treatment and to prevent complications.
If cystitis doesn’t start to improve within three days, it’s advisable to contact a doctor for advice. Additionally, certain situations warrant immediate medical attention:
- Special Cases: Men, pregnant individuals, those who frequently get cystitis, or those experiencing it for the first time should consult a doctor.
- Additional Symptoms: Seek medical help if you notice blood in your urine, have a fever, pain in your side, vomiting, or nausea along with cystitis symptoms.
For children with suspected cystitis, it’s crucial to visit the doctor promptly for proper evaluation and treatment.
Cystitis in males can be more severe than in females. It often indicates an underlying issue like prostate cancer, infection, obstruction, or enlarged prostate. Early treatment is crucial for resolving male cystitis effectively. Without treatment, bladder infections in males can cause complications like prostate or kidney damage or infections. Seeking medical care promptly ensures appropriate management and reduces the risk of serious complications.
Summary
Cystitis or bladder inflammation often caused by bacteria like E. coli, can resolve on its own but requires medical attention if symptoms persist beyond three days or include blood in urine, fever, or severe pain. Treatment typically involves antibiotics prescribed based on urine tests to identify the bacteria.
Preventive measures include good hygiene, wearing cotton underwear, and avoiding tight clothing. Special care is needed for males, pregnant women, frequent sufferers, and children with symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment in males are crucial due to potential complications like kidney infections.
